德国农村住区更新实践的规划启示

从20世纪50年代开始,德国农村实施了土地整理、农村住区空间环境和既有建筑更新改造等一系列农村人居环境建设的实践。它对改良农业结构,对原有农村采矿土地的修复和生态重建,对保障基础设簏和公共事业用地,以及对加强整体生态环境保护等方面均起到了积极作用。这对我国当今农村人居环境建设规划具有重要启示：应进一步注重农村住区土地使用的合理配置,注重农村住区的整体景观品质与生态环境质量相结合,注重农村住区物质空间环境整体结构的完菩与提升,注重既有公共建筑和公共空间环境的再利用和功能提升,并注重农村住区既有建筑更新改造的适用技术支撑。     

Restoring the ruins: the social context of reconstruction in the countrysides of Northern France in the aftermath of the great war

The reconstruction of devastated farms, villages and market towns in northern France was not masterminded by the state or carried out by its emergency agencies, which were concerned with filling trenches, removing shells, restoring farmland and patching up ruins. Segments of French society needed to mobilize themselves to declare their losses and claim compensation from the state. Proposals by French trades unionists to bring in German building workers to reconstruct rural settlements were rejected. Instead, general purpose reconstruction co‐operatives were established, first in Lorraine and then throughout the régions dévastées. It is argued that the differing attitudes to religion and trades unionism in the countryside of northern France were reflected in the varying efforts made to effect rural reconstruction during the 1920s. The dream of international labour solidarity through reconstruction was not realized. Rather, restoration of northern France was undertaken by private construction companies, often contracted to general‐purpose co‐operatives.     

家电进出口企业外汇风险转移方法

伴随着中国金融体制改革不断深入以及经济市场化程度的提高，更加灵活、更加富有弹性的汇率制度已逐步形成，一方面，对外贸易的经营效率将进一步提高；另一方面，家电进出口企业面临的外汇风险也将增加。本文主要从外汇风险的概念、构成要素和基本类别出发，分析并得出外汇风险的成因，并提出了如何通过外汇风险转移法帮助家电进出口企业控制外汇风险的建议。     

隐患探测技术在洪泽湖大堤渗漏检测中的应用

介绍了“同位素示踪”法和“DB-3I型堤 防管涌渗漏检测系统”在洪泽湖大堤渗漏检测中的应用情况,并对两种方法的应用进行了对 比。文末对洪泽湖大堤隐患监测系统的建设提出了建议。     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域人居环境规划的生态学途径--以陕北枣子沟小流域为例

试图将生态规划方法应用于黄土高原沟壑区小流域人居环境的研究中．首先从区域背景和调研资料入手，运用德尔菲法筛选了对人居环境建设影响较大的限制因子，通过层次分析法、地图叠加法对陕北枣子沟流域自然生态系统进行了生态敏感性分析和生态适宜度评价．在量化分析的基础上建立了小流域尺度下“生态优先”的生态安全格局和流域发展用地功能分区．分别从生态化、集约化和专业化的角度就人居环境、土地利用和产业布局提出了规划构想．     

Finite-Element Parametric Study of the Consolidation Behavior of a Trial Embankment on Soft Clay

The paper presents a case study for numerical analysis of the consolidation behavior of an instrumented trial embankment constructed on a soft soil foundation. Details are given to the geological profile, field instrumentation, laboratory test results, and determination of soil parameters for numerical modeling. Embankment settlement is estimated based on one-dimensional consolidation analysis and nonlinear finite-element analysis following Biot’s consolidation theory. Finite-element results are calibrated against the measured field data for a period of more than 3?years. Development and dissipation of excess pore pressure, long-term settlement, and horizontal displacement are predicted and discussed in light of sensitivity of embankment performance to some critical factors through a parametric study.     

Field Evaluation of Crushed Glass–Dredged Material Blends

Based on the laboratory results reported in a companion paper, three crushed glass–dredged material (CG–DM) blends were prepared and evaluated in the field to explore the feasibility of using CG–DM blends in general, embankment and structural fill applications. A trailer-mounted pugmill successfully prepared 20/80, 50/50, and 80/20 CG–DM blends (dry weight percent CG content reported first) within a tolerance of ±5 dry % by weight of the targeted percentages. Blending criteria were routinely met at pugmill throughputs up to 1,500?m3/day. The constructed 20/80 CG–DM embankment was compacted to a minimum of 90% modified Proctor compaction, whereas the 50/50 and 80/20 CG–DM embankments were constructed to a minimum of 95% modified Proctor compaction. Twenty to 80% CG addition to DM resulted in 1.5–5.5?kN/m3 increases in field dry densities above 100% DM, densities not achievable with other DM stabilization techniques such as Portland cement, fly ash, and/or lime (PC/FA/lime) addition. CG substantially improved the workability of DM allowing construction with conventional equipment and three person crew while achieving very consistent and reproducible results during a timeline of frequent and heavy precipitation events. The 20/80, 50/50, and 80/20 CG–DM embankments were characterized by average cone tip resistances on the order of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0?MPa, respectively. An environmental evaluation of 100% CG, DM and 50/50 CG–DM blend samples coupled with an economic analysis of a scaled-up commercial application illustrated that the CG–DM blending approach is potentially more cost effective than PC/FA/lime stabilization approaches. These features of CG–DM blending make the process attractive for use in urban and industrial settings.     

南京市区人居环境质量评价研究

人居环境是个复杂的系统,也是个复杂的概念。本文对人居环境的相关概念进行了分析与探讨,提出了人居环境质量主客观评价结合模型,以南京市区为例,对人居环境的客观建设水平和居民满足度进行了评价,得出了一些可供决策者参考的结论。     

Multiscale quality assessment of Global Human Settlement Layer scenes against reference data using statistical learning

A method for quality assessment of the Global Human Settlement Layer scenes against reference data is presented. It relies on two settlement metrics; the local average and gradient functions that quantify the notions of settlement density and flexible settlement limits respectively. They are both utilized as generalization functions for increasing the level of abstraction of the sets under comparison. Generalization compensates for inaccuracies of the automatic target extraction method and can be computed at multiple scales. The comparison between the target built-up layers and the reference data employs an ordered multi-scale, linear regression computing the goodness of fit measure R²$R^2$. An optimized assessment procedure is investigated in a pilot study and is further employed in a big data exercise. A newly introduced quality metric returns the agreement between automatically extracted built-up from a set of 13605 scenes and the MODIS 500 urban layer, that was found too be as high as 91% for selected sensors. A final experiment attempts a performance increase at lower scales by correlating the target layer with automatically selected training subsets. At 50 m the adjusted R²$R^2$ increases by 3% with a mean squared error improvement of 2% compared to the performance achieved without statistical learning. The experiment suggests that the GHSL assessment at a global scale can be carried out based on limited high resolution reference data of minimal spatial coverage.